机器学习信息论基础

这里写图片描述

科学真理最重要的是两点，一是能量，二是信息。一是通过爱因斯坦的 E = m c 2 E=mc^{2} E=mc2，物质和能量其实是一回事，另外如何描写和衡量信息则是更重要的，爱因斯坦本人曾经说过随着时间的改变质量方程可能会错，而这个信息方程却绝对不会，shannon。

信息论是应用数学的一个分支，主要研究的是对一个信号能够提供信息的多少进行量化，最初用于研究在一个含有噪声的信道上用离散的字母表来发送消息，指导最优的通信编码等。

熵

  • 熵是英文是entropy，来自于热力学，表示系统在不受外部干扰时，其内在最稳定的状态，由于entropy是能量Q和温度T的商，又与火有关，就被翻译为了熵。温度可以看作是让例子有序化的能量，而熵可以看作是“无序化”的度量。”*

那么如何度量这种无序性？能得到某个确定的值方便比较吗？
关于信息一个基本想法是一个不太可能的事情竟然发生了要比一个非常可能的事件的发生能提供更多的信息，也就是说导致那些“异常”事件发生的背后拥有着我们更想知道的东西，比如说“我每天都要吃饭”和“我每天都不吃饭”，哪个更有意思？再比如每天太阳都照常升起，抛一枚硬币，如果每次都是同一面朝上，完全可以预知它下一次出现的图案，那么还有意思吗，它的出现有值得我们更加关注的理由吗？所以以此来量化信息的不确定性就得满足

1.常见的，非常可能发生的事它的信息量要少，但非负
2.单调性，越不可能发生的事件信息量应该越多
3.独立事件应该具有增量的性质，即二个硬币结果的信息量应该是一个的两倍

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3

于是为了满足上述各条件就产生了自信息（self-information）： I （ x ） = − l o g P （ x ） I（x）=-logP（x） I（x）=−logP（x）
这个公式完美的符合了所有的要求，能够度量这样单个变量发生的不确定性。

信息熵代表的是随机变量或整个系统的不确定性，熵越大，随机变量或系统的不确定性就越大。即描述的是有关事件 X X X的所有可能结果的自信息期望值： H ( X ) = − ∑ i = 1 n p i l o g p i H(X) = -\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}p_i logp_i H(X)=−i=1∑n​pi​logpi​
其中n代表事件 X X X的所有n种可能的取值， p i p_i pi​代表了事件X为i时的概率，log为以2或者e为底或者其他但影响不大，不同底数的对数之间的区别只存在一个常数的关系，但是如果使用 log2 作为底，那么熵可以更容易被理解为编码所有信息所需要的最小位数(minimum numbers of bits) 。

这里写图片描述

跟熵（entropy）类似，交叉熵用于比较,衡量两个事件X,Y的概率分布，经常做损失函数使用。从信息压缩的角度来看，它代表着每个词（X，真实分布）平均要用几个位（Y，非真实分布）来编码，即计算 log(X) 在概率Y 下的期望： H ( X , Y ) = E p [ − l o g ( Y ) ] = − ∑ i = 1 n p ( x i , y i ) l o g p ( x i , y i ) H(X,Y) =E_p[-log(Y)]= -\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}p(x_i,y_i)logp(x_i,y_i) H(X,Y)=Ep​[−log(Y)]=−i=1∑n​p(xi​,yi​)logp(xi​,yi​)

KL散度（Kullback-Leible Divergence ，相对熵）
KL是另一个用来衡量分布相似度的量，即从分布p到分布q的 KL 散度为它们之间的变化所带来的信息增益，而不是“距离”（KL散度不具有交换性，衡量不是空间而是两个分布间的信息损失）：
D K L ( p ∣ ∣ q ) = E [ log ⁡ p ( x ) − log ⁡ ( q ( x ) ] = ∑ i = 1 N p ( x i ) ⋅ ( log ⁡ p ( x i ) − log ⁡ q ( x i ) ) D_{KL}(p||q)=E[\log{p(x)}-\log{(q(x)}]=\sum_{i=1}^Np(x_i)\cdot(\log{p(x_i)}-\log{q(x_i)}) DKL​(p∣∣q)=E[logp(x)−log(q(x)]=i=1∑N​p(xi​)⋅(logp(xi​)−logq(xi​))
直观上KL散度就是求p和q之间的对数差在p上的期望。
而且 D K L ( p ∣ ∣ q ) = H （ p ， q ） − H （ p ） D_{KL}(p||q)=H（p，q）-H（p） DKL​(p∣∣q)=H（p，q）−H（p），相当于交叉熵的值等于KL 散度加上一项信息熵，那么在最小化交叉熵时，H(x)就可视为一个常量而可以被省略，交叉熵就直接等价于 了KL 散度，而KL 散度可以更加简单地从最大似然估计推导得到！但是在进行最大似然的时候需要注意到它不是“距离”，也就是说它不会对称，即便它衡量的是两个分布之间的差异，所以在一些情况下， D K L ( P p ∣ q ) D_{KL}(Pp|q) DKL​(Pp∣q)和 D K L ( q ∣ ∣ p ) D_{KL}(q||p) DKL​(q∣∣p)是不相等的，比如下图：

这里写图片描述

其中设p是两个高斯分布的混合，q是单个高斯。左边最小化D_KL(p||q)，q将多峰模糊到了一起，使高频率质量放到所有峰上，而右边则选择了单个峰。简而言之就是左边的图是在p的基础上与q作比较，所以倾向于模糊多峰，而右边是在单峰的q上于p作比较，注重单峰的高质量。所以利用这个性质可以是可以按照不同的需求去最小化KL散度来达到不同的效果。

像神经网络的本质是函数的拟合近似，通过最小化损失函数来训练，此时使用KL散度来最小化近似分布时的信息损失，可以让网络学习到很多复杂的分布。 比如变分自编码器 （Variational Auto-encoders， VAE）和自编码器就可以采用。而且使用它会在使用sigmoid函数的网络情况下，梯度下降时因为学习速率可以被输出的误差所控制从而能避免均方误差损失函数学习速率降低的问题。

JS散度(Jensen-Shannon)
JS是KL散度的变体，尝试解决KL散度的非对称问题，即把式子变成：
J S ( p ∣ ∣ q ) = 1 2 K L ( p ∣ ∣ p + q 2 ) + 1 2 K L ( q ∣ ∣ p + q 2 ) JS(p||q)=\frac{1}{2} KL(p||\frac{p+q}{2})+\frac{1}{2} KL(q||\frac{p+q}{2}) JS(p∣∣q)=21​KL(p∣∣2p+q​)+21​KL(q∣∣2p+q​)

Wasserstein距离
KL和JS存在致命的弱点就是，因为是衡量的分布，那么如果两个分布不重合，离得很远，那么KL散度值是没有意义的，而且此时JS散度值会是一个常数，梯度为0，瞬间消失。这在类似GAN的训练里很不利，所以产生了Wasserstein距离：
W ( p , q ) inf ⁡ γ ∈ Π ( p , q )   E ( x , y ) ∼ γ ∥ x − y ∥ W(p,q) \inf_{\gamma \in \Pi(p,q)} \ \mathbb{E}_{(x,y) \sim \gamma} \Vert x - y \Vert W(p,q)γ∈Π(p,q)inf​ E(x,y)∼γ​∥x−y∥
应用详细可以参看：https://blog.csdn.net/qq_39388410/article/details/97137145

总结：

熵：描述随机变量的不确定性，若p表示其分布，则 H ( X ) = − ∑ i = 1 n p ( x ) l o g p ( x ) H(X) = -\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}p(x) logp(x) H(X)=−i=1∑n​p(x)logp(x)
联合熵：两个随机变量X，Y的联合分布，用H(X,Y)表示
条件熵：在随机变量X发生的前提下，随机变量Y发生所新带来的熵定义为Y的条件熵，用H(Y|X)表示，用来衡量在已知随机变量X的条件下随机变量Y的不确定性。且此时H(Y|X) = H(X,Y) – H(X)成立。
在这里插入图片描述
相对熵：KL散度，p(x)、q(x)是X中取值的两个概率分布，则p对q（D(p||q) ≠D(q||p)）的相对熵 D K L ( p ∣ ∣ q ) = E [ log ⁡ p ( x ) − log ⁡ ( q ( x ) ] D_{KL}(p||q)=E[\log{p(x)}-\log{(q(x)}] DKL​(p∣∣q)=E[logp(x)−log(q(x)]，此式一定大于0
交叉熵：可以用来恒定在给定的真实分布下，使用非真实分布所指定的策略消除系统的不确定所需要付出的努力大小。
互信息：度量 X和 Y共享的信息，即度量知道这两个变量其中一个，对另一个不确定度减少的程度。所以互信息定义为X，Y的联合分布和各自独立分布乘积的相对熵，即用I(X,Y)表示： I ( X , Y ) = ∑ x , y p ( x , y ) l o g p ( x , y ) p ( x ) p ( y ) I(X,Y)=\sum\limits_{x,y}p(x,y)log\frac{p(x,y)}{p(x)p(y)} I(X,Y)=x,y∑​p(x,y)logp(x)p(y)p(x,y)​，且此时I(X,Y)=D(P(X,Y) || P(X)P(Y))
在这里插入图片描述
又由于H(Y|X) = H(X,Y) - H(X)，所以就有了 I(X,Y)= H(X) + H(Y) - H(X,Y)。

#计算真实值与预测值互信息
from sklearn import metrics

labels_true = [1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1]
labels_pred = [0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2]
metrics.adjusted_mutual_info_score(labels_true, labels_pred)  

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6

从这个量化的角度看信息熵是求在最优编码时，最短的平均编码长度。交叉熵是编码不一定最优时（分布的估计不准），平均编码长度。相对熵则是编码不一定最优时，平均编码长度相对于最小值的增值。而在机器学习中经常需要使用它们的关键思想来描述概率分布或者量化概率分布之间的相似性。

id="article_content" class="article_content clearfix"> id="content_views" class="htmledit_views">

目录

一、selenium简介

二、环境安装

2.1、安装Selenium

2.2、浏览器驱动安装

三、基本操作

3.1、对页面进行操作

3.1.1、初始化webdriver

3.1.2、打开网页

3.1.3、页面操作

3.1.4、页面数据提取

3.1.5、关闭页面

 3.1.6、综合小案例

3.2、对页面元素进行操作

3.2.1、获取页面链接元素

3.2.2、模拟鼠标的基本操作

3.2.3、页面加载策略和延时等待

3.2.4、切换窗口

3.2.5、切换表单

3.2.6、动作链

四、高级操作

4.1、反检测

4.1.1、使用stealth.min.js文件

4.1.2、使用debugging模式

4.1.3、使用undetected_edgedriver

4.2、图片验证码

五、结语

一、selenium简介

        Selenium是一个用于自动化测试的工具，它可以模拟用户在浏览器中的各种操作。除了用于爬虫，Selenium还可以用于测试，尤其是在处理动态加载页面时非常有用。本文将提供一个超级详细的Selenium教程，以帮助您快速入门并了解其各种功能和用法。

二、环境安装

2.1、安装Selenium

        在终端通过pip安装：

> 
1|pip install selenium class="hljs-button signin active add_def" data-title="登录复制" data-report-click="{"spm":"1001.2101.3001.4334"}" onclick="hljs.signin(event)">

2.2、浏览器驱动安装

        针对不同的浏览器，安装不同的驱动：（本文以Edge浏览器为例）

         2.2.1、查看浏览器的版本

>

​

>

​

        2.2.2、下载对应版本的驱动程序

        下载网址链接：Microsoft Edge WebDriver |Microsoft Edge 开发人员

>

​

        2.2.3、解压获取exe文件地址

>

​

三、基本操作

3.1、对页面进行操作

3.1.1、初始化webdriver

        在使用Selenium之前，我们需要初始化WebDriver。WebDriver是一个控制浏览器的工具，它可以模拟用户在浏览器中的各种操作。Selenium支持多种浏览器，如Chrome、Firefox、Safari等。下面是一些示例代码，展示如何初始化Edge、Chrome和Firefox浏览器的WebDriver：

> 
  1.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="1"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">from selenium import webdriver
  2.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="2"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"> 
  3.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="3"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 初始化Edge浏览器
  4.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="4"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">driver = webdriver.Edge()
  5.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="5"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 初始化Chrome浏览器
  6.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="6"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">driver = webdriver.Chrome()
  7.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="7"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 初始化Firefox浏览器
  8.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="8"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">driver = webdriver.Firefox()
 class="hljs-button signin active add_def" data-title="登录复制" data-report-click="{"spm":"1001.2101.3001.4334"}" onclick="hljs.signin(event)">

3.1.2、打开网页

        一旦我们初始化好了WebDriver，接下来我们就可以使用它来打开网页。下面是一些示例代码，展示如何使用WebDriver打开网页：

> 
  1.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="1"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">from selenium import webdriver
  2.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="2"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"> 
  3.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="3"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 初始化Edge浏览器
  4.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="4"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">driver = webdriver.Edge()
  5.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="5"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">driver.get("https://www.baidu.com/")
  6.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="6"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">driver.get("https://www.jd.com/")
 class="hljs-button signin active add_def" data-title="登录复制" data-report-click="{"spm":"1001.2101.3001.4334"}" onclick="hljs.signin(event)">

3.1.3、页面操作

        一旦我们打开了网页，我们就可以使用WebDriver来模拟各种用户操作，如设置窗口最大化、设置窗口位置、设置窗口大小等。下面是一些示例代码，展示如何在网页中进行一些常见的操作：

> 
  1.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="1"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">import time
  2.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="2"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"> 
  3.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="3"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">from selenium import webdriver
  4.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="4"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"> 
  5.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="5"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 初始化Edge浏览器
  6.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="6"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">driver = webdriver.Edge()
  7.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="7"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">driver.get("https://www.baidu.com/")
  8.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="8"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 调用maximize_window方法，使浏览器窗口最大化显示
  9.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="9"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">driver.maximize_window()
  10.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="10"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 设置浏览器的窗口位置
  11.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="11"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">driver.set_window_position(1100, 20)
  12.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="12"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 设置浏览器的窗口大小
  13.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="13"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">driver.set_window_size(900, 900)
  14.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="14"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">time.sleep(5)
 class="hljs-button signin active add_def" data-title="登录复制" data-report-click="{"spm":"1001.2101.3001.4334"}" onclick="hljs.signin(event)">

3.1.4、页面数据提取

        除了操作页面，Selenium还可以用于提取页面的源代码。我们可以使用WebDriver的page_source来获取页面源代码，下面是示例代码，展示如何提取页面中的数据：

> 
  1.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="1"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">import time
  2.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="2"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">from selenium import webdriver
  3.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="3"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"> 
  4.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="4"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 初始化Edge浏览器
  5.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="5"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">driver = webdriver.Edge()
  6.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="6"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">driver.get("https://www.baidu.com/")
  7.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="7"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 调用maximize_window方法，使浏览器窗口最大化显示
  8.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="8"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">driver.maximize_window()
  9.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="9"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 设置浏览器的窗口位置
  10.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="10"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">driver.set_window_position(1100, 20)
  11.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="11"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 设置浏览器的窗口大小
  12.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="12"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">driver.set_window_size(900, 900)
  13.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="13"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">time.sleep(5)
  14.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="14"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 获取页面源代码
  15.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="15"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">page_content = driver.page_source
  16.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="16"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 打印获取内容
  17.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="17"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">print(page_content)
 class="hide-preCode-box"> class="hljs-button signin active add_def" data-title="登录复制" data-report-click="{"spm":"1001.2101.3001.4334"}" onclick="hljs.signin(event)">

3.1.5、关闭页面

        当我们完成了对网页的操作和数据提取后，最后不要忘记关闭WebDriver。关闭WebDriver将会关闭浏览器窗口，并释放相关的资源。下面是示例代码，展示如何关闭WebDriver：

> 
  1.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="1"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">import time
  2.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="2"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">from selenium import webdriver
  3.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="3"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"> 
  4.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="4"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 初始化Edge浏览器
  5.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="5"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">driver = webdriver.Edge()
  6.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="6"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">driver.get("https://www.baidu.com/")
  7.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="7"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 调用maximize_window方法，使浏览器窗口最大化显示
  8.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="8"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">driver.maximize_window()
  9.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="9"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">time.sleep(2)
  10.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="10"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 获取页面数据
  11.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="11"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">page_content = driver.page_source
  12.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="12"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 打印页面数据内容
  13.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="13"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">print(page_content)
  14.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="14"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 关闭一个页面
  15.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="15"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">driver.close() 
  16.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="16"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 关闭全部页面
  17.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="17"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">driver.quit()
 class="hide-preCode-box"> class="hljs-button signin active add_def" data-title="登录复制" data-report-click="{"spm":"1001.2101.3001.4334"}" onclick="hljs.signin(event)">

 3.1.6、综合小案例

> 
  1.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="1"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">"""
  2.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="2"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">@Author :江上挽风&sty
  3.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="3"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">@Blog(个人博客地址):https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_56097064
  4.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="4"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">@File :Selenium爬虫
  5.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="5"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">@Time :2024/12/5 11:19
  6.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="6"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">@Motto:一直努力，一直奋进，保持平常心
  7.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="7"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">
  8.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="8"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">"""
  9.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="9"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">import time
  10.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="10"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"> 
  11.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="11"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">from selenium import webdriver
  12.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="12"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">from selenium.webdriver.edge.service import Service
  13.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="13"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">from selenium.webdriver.edge.options import Options
  14.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="14"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"> 
  15.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="15"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">url = "https://www.baidu.com/"
  16.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="16"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">url1 = "https://www.jd.com/"
  17.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="17"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># Service类用于设置WebDriver服务，这里指定了Edge浏览器驱动程序的路径
  18.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="18"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">service = Service(executable_path='D:\ApplicationsSoftware\EdgeDriver\edgedriver_win32\msedgedriver.exe')
  19.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="19"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">opt = Options()
  20.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="20"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">opt.add_argument("--disable-blink-features=AutomationControlled")
  21.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="21"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 使用上面定义的服务对象来创建一个Edge浏览器的WebDriver对象，这个对象可以模拟浏览器操作
  22.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="22"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">browser = webdriver.Edge(service=service,options=opt)
  23.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="23"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 调用maximize_window方法，使浏览器窗口最大化显示
  24.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="24"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">browser.maximize_window()
  25.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="25"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 设置浏览器的窗口位置
  26.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="26"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># browser.set_window_position(1100, 20)
  27.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="27"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 设置浏览器的窗口大小
  28.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="28"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># browser.set_window_size(900, 900)
  29.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="29"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 使用get方法通过url打开指定的网页
  30.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="30"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">browser.get(url)
  31.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="31"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># time模块的sleep函数用于暂停程序执行，这里暂停5秒，以便有足够的时间观察网页加载情况
  32.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="32"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">time.sleep(2)
  33.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="33"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 通过url访问另一个网页
  34.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="34"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">browser.get(url1)
  35.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="35"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">time.sleep(2)
  36.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="36"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 调用back返回上一个网页
  37.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="37"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">browser.back()
  38.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="38"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">time.sleep(2)
  39.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="39"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 调用forward（）函数前往下一个网页
  40.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="40"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">browser.forward()
  41.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="41"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">time.sleep(1)
  42.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="42"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 刷新页面
  43.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="43"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">browser.refresh()
  44.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="44"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">time.sleep(1)
  45.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="45"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 调用page_source获取网页内容
  46.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="46"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">page_content = browser.page_source
  47.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="47"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">print(page_content)
  48.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="48"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 最后，调用close方法关闭浏览器窗口
  49.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="49"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">browser.close()
 class="hide-preCode-box"> class="hljs-button signin active add_def" data-title="登录复制" data-report-click="{"spm":"1001.2101.3001.4334"}" onclick="hljs.signin(event)">

3.2、对页面元素进行操作

3.2.1、获取页面链接元素

        鼠标右键然后选择检查（或者按F12），获取页面的全部元素，然后选中元素，进行复制。

> 
  1.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="1"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">from selenium import webdriver
  2.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="2"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
  3.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="3"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"> 
  4.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="4"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 初始化Edge浏览器
  5.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="5"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">driver = webdriver.Edge()
  6.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="6"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">driver.get("https://www.baidu.com/")
  7.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="7"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 调用maximize_window方法，使浏览器窗口最大化显示
  8.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="8"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">driver.maximize_window()
  9.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="9"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 模拟点击百度页面链接进行跳转
  10.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="10"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 获取页面元素
  11.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="11"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">link = driver.find_element(by=By.XPATH,value="//*[@id='hotsearch-content-wrapper']/li[1]/a/span[2]")
  12.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="12"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 链接跳转
  13.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="13"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">link.click()
 class="hljs-button signin active add_def" data-title="登录复制" data-report-click="{"spm":"1001.2101.3001.4334"}" onclick="hljs.signin(event)">

        我们在实际使用浏览器的时候，很重要的操作有输入文本、点击确定等等。对此，Selenium提供了一系列的方法来方便我们实现以上操作。通过webdriver对象的 find_element(by=“属性名”, value=“属性值”)，主要包括以下这八种：

class="table-box">
属性函数
CLASSfind_element(by=By.CLASS_NAME, value=‘’)
XPATHfind_element(by=By.XPATH, value=‘’)
LINK_TEXTfind_element(by=By.LINK_TEXT, value=‘’)
CSSfind_element(by=By.CSS_SELECTOR, value=‘’)
IDfind_element(by=By.ID, value=‘’)
TAGfind_element(by=By.TAG_NAME, value=‘’)
PARTIAL_LINK_TEXTfind_element(by=By.PARTIAL_LINK_TEXT, value=‘’)

3.2.2、模拟鼠标的基本操作

        首先，我们需要引入Keys类。

> 
from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys class="hljs-button signin active add_def" data-title="登录复制" data-report-click="{"spm":"1001.2101.3001.4334"}" onclick="hljs.signin(event)">

        其次，模型通过百度搜索python爬虫。

> 
  1.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="1"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">import time
  2.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="2"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">from selenium import webdriver
  3.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="3"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
  4.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="4"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys
  5.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="5"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 初始化Edge浏览器
  6.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="6"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">driver = webdriver.Edge()
  7.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="7"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">driver.get("https://www.baidu.com/")
  8.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="8"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 调用maximize_window方法，使浏览器窗口最大化显示
  9.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="9"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">driver.maximize_window()
  10.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="10"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"> 
  11.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="11"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 模拟点击百度页面链接进行跳转
  12.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="12"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 获取页面元素
  13.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="13"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">search_element = driver.find_element(by=By.XPATH,value="//*[@id='kw']")
  14.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="14"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 模拟向输入框中输入python爬虫并回车
  15.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="15"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">search_element.send_keys('python爬虫', Keys.ENTER)
  16.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="16"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">time.sleep(10)
 class="hide-preCode-box"> class="hljs-button signin active add_def" data-title="登录复制" data-report-click="{"spm":"1001.2101.3001.4334"}" onclick="hljs.signin(event)">

        基本操作：

class="table-box">
具体操作函数
删除键send_keys(Keys.BACK_SPACE)
空格键send_keys(Keys.SPACE)
制表键send_keys(Keys.TAB)
回退键send_keys(Keys.ESCAPE)
回车send_keys(Keys.ENTER)
全选send_keys(Keys.CONTRL,‘a’)
复制send_keys(Keys.CONTRL,‘c’)
剪切send_keys(Keys.CONTRL,‘x’)
粘贴send_keys(Keys.CONTRL,‘x’)
键盘F1send_keys(Keys.F1)

3.2.3、页面加载策略和延时等待

        页面加载策略是指在浏览器中加载网页时，Selenium WebDriver等待页面加载完成的行为。这些策略可以帮助我们控制WebDriver在页面加载时的行为，以适应不同的测试需求和性能优化。选择合适的页面加载策略可以显著影响测试的执行时间和稳定性。例如，在单页应用中，由于页面内容是动态加载的，使用eager或none策略可能更合适，因为它们可以更快地响应页面的变化。而在需要完全加载所有资源以确保页面功能正常的测试中，使用normal策略可能更合适以下是Selenium支持的页面加载策略：

class="table-box">
页面加载策略特点
normal这是默认的页面加载策略。在这种策略下，WebDriver会等待整个页面包括所有子资源（如图像、CSS、JavaScript等）都加载完成，直到触发load事件后才会继续执行后续的操作。这意味着WebDriver会等待页面完全加载，包括所有的外部资源加载完成
eager在eager策略下，WebDriver会等待文档被完全加载和解析完成，但不会等待样式表、图像和iframe等子资源加载完成。这通常意味着WebDriver会等待DOMContentLoaded事件触发后继续执行，这比load事件更早
none使用none策略时，WebDriver不会等待页面加载完成，它仅等待初始的HTML被部分下载后就会停止等待，允许脚本继续执行。这意味着WebDriver不会等待任何额外的资源加载，如CSS、JavaScript或图像

        在Selenium中，设置WebDriver等待是一种重要的技术，用于确保在执行某些操作之前，页面上的元素已经加载完成或者某个条件已经满足。Selenium提供了两种主要的等待机制：显式等待（Explicit Wait）和隐式等待（Implicit Wait）。

        显式等待：显式等待允许你等待某个条件成立，而不是盲目地等待一个固定的时间。它提供了更灵活的控制，可以等待特定的元素出现、元素变得可点击、元素的可见性等。下面包含常用的显式等待方法：

> 
  1.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="1"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">"""
  2.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="2"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">@Author :江上挽风&sty
  3.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="3"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">@Blog(个人博客地址):https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_56097064
  4.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="4"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">@File :练习
  5.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="5"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">@Time :2024/12/5 13:57
  6.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="6"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">@Motto:一直努力，一直奋进，保持平常心
  7.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="7"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">
  8.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="8"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">"""
  9.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="9"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">import time
  10.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="10"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">from selenium import webdriver
  11.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="11"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
  12.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="12"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys
  13.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="13"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 导入显式等待库
  14.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="14"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
  15.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="15"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
  16.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="16"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"> 
  17.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="17"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"> 
  18.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="18"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 初始化Edge浏览器
  19.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="19"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">driver = webdriver.Edge()
  20.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="20"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">driver.get("https://www.baidu.com/")
  21.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="21"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 调用maximize_window方法，使浏览器窗口最大化显示
  22.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="22"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">driver.maximize_window()
  23.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="23"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 设置显式等待，最多等待10秒
  24.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="24"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">wait = WebDriverWait(driver, 10)
  25.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="25"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">try:
  26.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="26"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">    # 等待直到某个元素出现
  27.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="27"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">    element = wait.until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.XPATH, "//*[@id='kw']")))
  28.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="28"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">except:
  29.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="29"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">    print("未找到元素")
  30.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="30"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">    driver.close()
  31.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="31"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">    exit()
  32.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="32"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 获取页面元素
  33.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="33"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">search_element = driver.find_element(by=By.XPATH,value="//*[@id='kw']")
  34.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="34"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 模拟向输入框中输入python爬虫并回车
  35.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="35"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">search_element.send_keys('python爬虫', Keys.ENTER)
  36.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="36"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">time.sleep(10)
  37.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="37"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">driver.close()
  38.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="38"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"> 
 class="hide-preCode-box"> class="hljs-button signin active add_def" data-title="登录复制" data-report-click="{"spm":"1001.2101.3001.4334"}" onclick="hljs.signin(event)">

        隐式等待：隐式等待设置了一个全局等待时间，在这个时间内，WebDriver会等待某个元素出现。如果在设置的时间内找到了元素，WebDriver会继续执行；如果超时，则抛出NoSuchElementException异常。

> 
  1.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="1"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">import time
  2.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="2"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">from selenium import webdriver
  3.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="3"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
  4.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="4"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys
  5.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="5"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 初始化Edge浏览器
  6.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="6"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">driver = webdriver.Edge()
  7.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="7"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 设置隐式等待5秒钟
  8.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="8"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">driver.implicitly_wait(5)
  9.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="9"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">driver.get("https://www.baidu.com/")
  10.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="10"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 调用maximize_window方法，使浏览器窗口最大化显示
  11.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="11"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">driver.maximize_window()
  12.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="12"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"> 
  13.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="13"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 模拟点击百度页面链接进行跳转
  14.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="14"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 获取页面元素
  15.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="15"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">search_element = driver.find_element(by=By.XPATH,value="//*[@id='kw']")
  16.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="16"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 模拟向输入框中输入python爬虫并回车
  17.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="17"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">search_element.send_keys('python爬虫', Keys.ENTER)
  18.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="18"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">time.sleep(10)
  19.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="19"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">driver.close()
 class="hide-preCode-box"> class="hljs-button signin active add_def" data-title="登录复制" data-report-click="{"spm":"1001.2101.3001.4334"}" onclick="hljs.signin(event)">

3.2.4、切换窗口

        在 selenium 操作页面的时候，可能会因为点击某个链接而跳转到一个新的页面（打开了一个新标签页），这时候 selenium 实际还是处于上一个页面的，需要我们进行切换才能够定位最新页面上的元素。

> 
  1.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="1"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">"""
  2.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="2"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">@Author :江上挽风&sty
  3.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="3"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">@Blog(个人博客地址):https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_56097064
  4.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="4"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">@File :练习
  5.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="5"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">@Time :2024/12/5 13:57
  6.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="6"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">@Motto:一直努力，一直奋进，保持平常心
  7.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="7"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">
  8.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="8"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">"""
  9.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="9"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">import time
  10.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="10"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">from selenium import webdriver
  11.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="11"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
  12.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="12"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">from selenium.webdriver.edge.service import Service
  13.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="13"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">from selenium.webdriver.edge.options import Options
  14.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="14"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys
  15.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="15"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
  16.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="16"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
  17.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="17"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"> 
  18.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="18"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># Service类用于设置WebDriver服务，这里指定了Edge浏览器驱动程序的路径
  19.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="19"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">service = Service(executable_path='D:\ApplicationsSoftware\EdgeDriver\edgedriver_win32\msedgedriver.exe')
  20.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="20"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">opt = Options()
  21.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="21"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">opt.add_argument("--disable-blink-features=AutomationControlled")
  22.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="22"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">opt.page_load_strategy = 'eager'
  23.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="23"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 初始化Edge浏览器
  24.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="24"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">driver = webdriver.Edge()
  25.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="25"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">driver.get("https://www.readnovel.com/book/22312481000716402#Catalog")
  26.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="26"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 调用maximize_window方法，使浏览器窗口最大化显示
  27.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="27"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">driver.maximize_window()
  28.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="28"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">time.sleep(3)
  29.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="29"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">locator = (By.XPATH, '//*[@id="j-catalogWrap"]/div[2]/div[2]/ul/li/a')
  30.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="30"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">WebDriverWait(driver, 5).until(EC.presence_of_all_elements_located(locator))
  31.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="31"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># //*[@id="j-catalogWrap"]/div[2]/div[2]/ul/li[1]/a
  32.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="32"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># //*[@id="j-catalogWrap"]/div[2]/div[2]/ul/li[14]/a
  33.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="33"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># //*[@id="j-catalogWrap"]/div[2]/div[2]/ul/li[15]/a
  34.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="34"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">next_page = driver.find_elements(by=By.XPATH, value="//*[@id='j-catalogWrap']/div[2]/div[2]/ul/li/a")
  35.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="35"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"> 
  36.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="36"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">for next in next_page:
  37.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="37"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"> 
  38.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="38"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">    next.click()
  39.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="39"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">    a = str(next.get_attribute('href').split("/")[-1])
  40.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="40"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">    print(a)
  41.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="41"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">    time.sleep(2)
  42.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="42"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"> 
  43.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="43"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">    driver.execute_script('$(".lbf-panel-head").css("display","none")')
  44.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="44"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">    driver.execute_script('$(".lbf-panel-body").css("display","none")')
  45.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="45"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">    # link = driver.find_element(by=By.ID, value='//*[@id="j_closeGuide"]')
  46.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="46"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">    # link.click()
  47.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="47"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">    # locator1 = (By.XPATH, '//*[@id="chapter-95831384777767481"]/div/div[1]/h1')
  48.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="48"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">    # locator1 = (By.XPATH, '//*[@id="chapter-95831384777833017"]/div/div[1]/h1')95831384777833017
  49.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="49"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"> 
  50.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="50"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"> 
  51.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="51"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">    driver.switch_to.window(driver.window_handles[-1])
  52.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="52"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">    # WebDriverWait(driver,20).until(EC.presence_of_element_located(locator1))
  53.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="53"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">    time.sleep(5)
  54.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="54"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">    # filename = driver.find_element(by=By.XPATH,value='//*[@id="chapter-id}]/div/div[1]/h1').text
  55.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="55"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">    filename = driver.find_element(by=By.XPATH, value=f'//*[@id="chapter-{a}"]/div/div[1]/h1').text
  56.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="56"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">    content = driver.find_element(by=By.XPATH,value=f'//*[@id="chapter-{a}"]/div/div[2]/div').text
  57.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="57"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">    with open(f'D:\ProjectCode\Spider\StudySpider07\\{filename}.txt', 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
  58.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="58"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">        f.write(content)
  59.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="59"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">        print(f'已下载{filename}')
  60.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="60"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">        driver.switch_to.window(driver.window_handles[0])
  61.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="61"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"> 
 class="hide-preCode-box"> class="hljs-button signin active add_def" data-title="登录复制" data-report-click="{"spm":"1001.2101.3001.4334"}" onclick="hljs.signin(event)">

3.2.5、切换表单

        在Selenium中，处理表单切换是一个常见的任务，尤其是在涉及到frame或iframe元素时。以下是Selenium中切换表单的一些关键点：

  1.  Selenium提供了switch_to.frame()方法来切换到frame或iframe。这个方法可以接受几种类型的参数，包括id、name、index以及页面元素对象。
  2. 完成frame/iframe内的操作后，可以通过switch_to.default_content()切换回主文档，或者使用switch_to.parent_frame()切换到父级frame。  
  3. 如果页面中有多层嵌套的frame/iframe，你可能需要多次调用switch_to.frame()方法来逐层深入，或者使用switch_to.parent_frame()来逐层返回。
> 
  1.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="1"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">"""
  2.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="2"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">@Author :江上挽风&sty
  3.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="3"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">@Blog(个人博客地址):https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_56097064
  4.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="4"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">@File :切换表单
  5.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="5"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">@Time :2024/12/6 13:41
  6.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="6"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">@Motto:一直努力，一直奋进，保持平常心
  7.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="7"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">
  8.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="8"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">"""
  9.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="9"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">import time
  10.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="10"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"> 
  11.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="11"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">from selenium import webdriver
  12.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="12"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">from selenium.webdriver.edge.service import Service
  13.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="13"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">from selenium.webdriver.edge.options import Options
  14.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="14"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
  15.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="15"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"> 
  16.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="16"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"> 
  17.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="17"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">url = "https://www.qidian.com/all/"
  18.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="18"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># Service类用于设置WebDriver服务，这里指定了Edge浏览器驱动程序的路径
  19.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="19"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">service = Service(executable_path='D:\ApplicationsSoftware\EdgeDriver\edgedriver_win32\msedgedriver.exe')
  20.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="20"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">opt = Options()
  21.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="21"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">opt.add_argument("--disable-blink-features=AutomationControlled")
  22.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="22"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 使用上面定义的服务对象来创建一个Edge浏览器的WebDriver对象，这个对象可以模拟浏览器操作
  23.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="23"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">browser = webdriver.Edge(service=service, options=opt)
  24.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="24"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 调用maximize_window方法，使浏览器窗口最大化显示
  25.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="25"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">browser.maximize_window()
  26.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="26"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">browser.get(url)
  27.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="27"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 显式等待五秒，加载页面
  28.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="28"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">browser.implicitly_wait(5)
  29.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="29"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"> 
  30.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="30"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">time.sleep(3)
  31.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="31"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">login_button = browser.find_element(by=By.XPATH, value='//*[@id="login-btn"]')
  32.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="32"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">login_button.click()
  33.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="33"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">time.sleep(3)
  34.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="34"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 先获取表单所在的iframe元素
  35.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="35"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">iframe = browser.find_element(by=By.XPATH, value='//*[@id="loginIfr"]')
  36.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="36"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 进入这个表单
  37.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="37"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">browser.switch_to.frame(iframe)
  38.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="38"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">time.sleep(3)
  39.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="39"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">browser.find_element(by=By.XPATH, value='//*[@id="username"]').send_keys('17369961234')
  40.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="40"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">time.sleep(3)
  41.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="41"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">browser.find_element(by=By.XPATH, value='//*[@id="password"]').send_keys('skjhg')
  42.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="42"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">time.sleep(3)
  43.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="43"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">browser.find_element(by=By.XPATH, value='//*[@id="j-inputMode"]/div[2]/div/label[2]').click()
  44.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="44"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">time.sleep(2)
  45.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="45"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">browser.find_element(by=By.XPATH, value='//*[@id="j-loginInputMode"]/div[3]/div[1]/p[2]/label').click()
  46.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="46"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">time.sleep(2)
  47.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="47"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">browser.find_element(by=By.XPATH, value='//*[@id="j-inputMode"]/div[2]/a').click()
  48.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="48"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">time.sleep(2)
  49.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="49"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">browser.switch_to.default_content()
  50.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="50"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">time.sleep(2)
 class="hide-preCode-box"> class="hljs-button signin active add_def" data-title="登录复制" data-report-click="{"spm":"1001.2101.3001.4334"}" onclick="hljs.signin(event)">

3.2.6、动作链

        在Selenium中，动作链（ActionChains）是一种用于执行复杂用户交互的方法，比如鼠标移动、点击、拖放和键盘输入等。以下是Selenium中动作链的一些基本介绍和常用方法。动作链允许你将多个操作按顺序存放在一个队列里，当你调用perform()方法时，这些操作会依次执行。

        常用方法：

class="table-box">
方法解释
click(on_element=None)单击鼠标左键
click_and_hold(on_element=None)点击鼠标左键并保持按下状态
context_click(on_element=None)执行鼠标右键点击（上下文菜单）
double_click(on_element=None)双击鼠标左键
drag_and_drop(source, target)将一个元素拖拽到另一个元素上释放
drag_and_drop_by_offset(source, xoffset, yoffset)将源元素拖动到指定的偏移位置上释放
key_down(value, element=None)按下键盘上的某个键，不释放
key_up(value, element=None)释放键盘上的某个键
move_by_offset(xoffset, yoffset)鼠标从当前位置移动到某个坐标
move_to_element(to_element)鼠标移动到某个元素
move_to_element_with_offset(to_element, xoffset, yoffset)移动到距某个元素多少距离的位置
perform()执行链中的所有动作
release(on_element=None)在某个元素位置松开鼠标左键
send_keys(*keys_to_send)发送某个键到当前焦点的元素
send_keys_to_element(element, *keys_to_send)发送某个键到指定元素
> 
  1.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="1"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">"""
  2.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="2"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">@Author :江上挽风&sty
  3.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="3"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">@Blog(个人博客地址):https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_56097064
  4.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="4"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">@File :动作链
  5.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="5"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">@Time :2024/12/6 14:11
  6.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="6"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">@Motto:一直努力，一直奋进，保持平常心
  7.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="7"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">
  8.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="8"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">"""
  9.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="9"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">import time
  10.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="10"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"> 
  11.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="11"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">from selenium import webdriver
  12.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="12"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">from selenium.webdriver.edge.service import Service
  13.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="13"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">from selenium.webdriver.edge.options import Options
  14.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="14"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
  15.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="15"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">from selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains import ActionChains
  16.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="16"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys
  17.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="17"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">from selenium.webdriver.support.select import Select
  18.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="18"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"> 
  19.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="19"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">url = "https://www.12306.cn/index/index.html"
  20.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="20"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># Service类用于设置WebDriver服务，这里指定了Edge浏览器驱动程序的路径
  21.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="21"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">service = Service(executable_path='D:\ApplicationsSoftware\EdgeDriver\edgedriver_win32\msedgedriver.exe')
  22.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="22"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">opt = Options()
  23.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="23"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 防止Edge在自动化测试过程中弹出一些对话框
  24.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="24"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">opt.add_argument("--disable-blink-features=AutomationControlled")
  25.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="25"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 使用add_experimental_option方法可以添加一些实验性的Edge选项
  26.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="26"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">opt.add_experimental_option('excludeSwitches', ['enable-automation'])
  27.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="27"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 的作用是让浏览器在WebDriver会话结束后保持开启状态
  28.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="28"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">opt.add_experimental_option("detach", True)
  29.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="29"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 使用上面定义的服务对象来创建一个Edge浏览器的WebDriver对象，这个对象可以模拟浏览器操作
  30.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="30"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">browser = webdriver.Edge(service=service, options=opt)
  31.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="31"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 显式等待五秒，加载页面
  32.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="32"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">browser.implicitly_wait(5)
  33.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="33"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 调用maximize_window方法，使浏览器窗口最大化显示
  34.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="34"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">browser.maximize_window()
  35.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="35"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">browser.get(url)
  36.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="36"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"> 
  37.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="37"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">time.sleep(1)
  38.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="38"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 将鼠标悬停在车票上
  39.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="39"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">ticket_element = browser.find_element(by=By.XPATH, value='//*[@id="J-chepiao"]/a')
  40.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="40"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">ActionChains(browser).move_to_element(ticket_element).perform()
  41.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="41"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">time.sleep(2)
  42.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="42"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 点击单程进入下一个页面
  43.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="43"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">one_way_element = browser.find_element(by=By.XPATH, value='//*[@id="megamenu-3"]/div[1]/ul/li[1]/a')
  44.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="44"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">ActionChains(browser).click(one_way_element).perform()
  45.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="45"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 输入出发地
  46.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="46"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">time.sleep(2)
  47.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="47"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">from_station = browser.find_element(by=By.XPATH, value='//*[@id="fromStationText"]')
  48.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="48"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">ActionChains(browser).click(from_station).pause(1).send_keys('重庆').pause(1).send_keys(Keys.ARROW_DOWN).pause(1).send_keys(Keys.ENTER).perform()
  49.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="49"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">time.sleep(2)
  50.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="50"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 输入目的地
  51.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="51"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">to_station = browser.find_element(by=By.XPATH, value='//*[@id="toStationText"]')
  52.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="52"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">ActionChains(browser).click(to_station).pause(1).send_keys('长沙').pause(1).send_keys(Keys.ENTER).perform()
  53.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="53"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">time.sleep(2)
  54.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="54"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 输入出发日期
  55.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="55"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">date = browser.find_element(by=By.XPATH, value='//*[@id="place_area"]/ul/li[4]/span')
  56.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="56"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">ActionChains(browser).click(date).pause(1).send_keys(Keys.CLEAR).pause(1).send_keys("2024-12-06").pause(1).send_keys(Keys.ARROW_DOWN).pause(1).send_keys(Keys.ENTER).perform()
  57.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="57"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">time.sleep(2)
  58.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="58"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 选择学生
  59.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="59"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">browser.find_element(by=By.XPATH, value='//*[@id="sf2_label"]').click()
  60.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="60"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">time.sleep(2)
  61.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="61"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 勾线高铁
  62.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="62"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">browser.find_element(by=By.XPATH, value='//*[@id="_ul_station_train_code"]/li[1]/label').click()
  63.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="63"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">time.sleep(1)
  64.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="64"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 选择发车时间
  65.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="65"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">start_time_element = browser.find_element(by=By.XPATH, value='//*[@id="cc_start_time"]')
  66.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="66"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">Select(start_time_element).select_by_visible_text('12:00--18:00')
  67.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="67"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 单击查询
  68.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="68"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">browser.find_element(by=By.XPATH, value='//*[@id="query_ticket"]').click()
  69.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="69"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">time.sleep(3)
  70.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="70"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"> 
  71.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="71"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"> 
  72.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="72"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"> 
 class="hide-preCode-box"> class="hljs-button signin active add_def" data-title="登录复制" data-report-click="{"spm":"1001.2101.3001.4334"}" onclick="hljs.signin(event)">

四、高级操作

4.1、反检测

        在使用Selenium进行自动化测试或爬虫时，网站可能会通过各种方式检测到自动化工具的使用。以下是一些常用的Selenium反检测方法。

4.1.1、使用stealth.min.js文件

        stealth.min.js 是一个JavaScript文件，它包含了一系列的代码，用于隐藏Selenium WebDriver的自动化特征，使得使用Selenium进行自动化测试时，浏览器的行为更接近于真实用户的浏览器行为，从而降低被网站检测为自动化工具的风险。在使用Selenium WebDriver时，可以在启动浏览器之前，通过执行stealth.min.js中的JavaScript代码来实现隐藏特征。这通常是通过Selenium的execute_cdp_cmd方法实现的，该方法允许执行Chrome DevTools Protocol命令。

        下载安装stealth.min.js文件：

​

4.1.2、使用debugging模式

        在Selenium中使用调试模式来防止检测，主要是指通过开启Chrome的远程调试端口来接管已经打开的浏览器会话，从而避免被网站检测到自动化工具的使用。

        步骤：

1、找到Edge浏览器的安装路径：

C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft\Edge\Application

2、在命令提示符下输入命令创建配置浏览器：

msedge.exe --remote-debugging-port=9222 --user-data-dir="你的用户数据目录路径"

3、复制在Edge的快捷方式，并在其上右击，选择属性，在目标栏后面加上空格加上下面命令

"C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft\Edge\Application\msedge.exe"  --remote-debugging-port=9222 --user-data-dir="你的用户数据目录路径"

  1.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="1"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">from selenium import webdriver
  2.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="2"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">from selenium.webdriver.chrome.options import Options
  3.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="3"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"> 
  4.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="4"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">options = Options()
  5.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="5"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">options.add_experimental_option("debuggerAddress", "127.0.0.1:9222")
  6.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="6"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">driver = webdriver.Edge(options=options)
 class="hljs-button signin active add_def" data-title="登录复制" data-report-click="{"spm":"1001.2101.3001.4334"}" onclick="hljs.signin(event)">

4.1.3、使用undetected_edgedriver

        undetected_edgedriver是一个基于undetected_chromedriver进行一些调整以支持Edge浏览器的Selenium库。它旨在帮助自动化脚本更难被网站检测到，从而提高自动化任务的成功率。

        安装 undetected_edgedriver：

pip3 install undetected-edgedriver class="hljs-button signin active add_def" data-title="登录复制" data-report-click="{"spm":"1001.2101.3001.4334"}" onclick="hljs.signin(event)">

        使用方法：

  1.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="1"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">import undetected_edgedriver as uc
  2.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="2"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 创建Edge浏览器实例
  3.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="3"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">browser = uc.Edge(use_subprocess=True)
  4.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="4"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 打开网页
  5.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="5"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">browser.get(url="https://your-target-website.com/")
  6.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="6"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 执行其他操作，例如查找元素、点击按钮等
  7.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="7"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># ...
  8.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="8"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># 关闭浏览器
  9.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="9"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">browser.quit()
 class="hljs-button signin active add_def" data-title="登录复制" data-report-click="{"spm":"1001.2101.3001.4334"}" onclick="hljs.signin(event)">

4.2、图片验证码

 使用超级鹰打码平台识别验证码图片中的数据，用于模拟登陆操作。

  1.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="1"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">#!/usr/bin/env python
  2.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="2"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"># coding:utf-8
  3.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="3"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">import json
  4.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="4"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"> 
  5.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="5"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">import requests
  6.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="6"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">from hashlib import md5
  7.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="7"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"> 
  8.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="8"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">class Chaojiying_Client(object):
  9.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="9"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"> 
  10.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="10"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">    def __init__(self, username, password, soft_id):
  11.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="11"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">        self.username = username
  12.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="12"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">        password =  password.encode('utf8')
  13.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="13"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">        self.password = md5(password).hexdigest()
  14.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="14"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">        self.soft_id = soft_id
  15.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="15"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">        self.base_params = {
  16.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="16"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">            'user': self.username,
  17.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="17"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">            'pass2': self.password,
  18.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="18"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">            'softid': self.soft_id,
  19.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="19"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">        }
  20.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="20"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">        self.headers = {
  21.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="21"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">            'Connection': 'Keep-Alive',
  22.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="22"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">            'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 8.0; Windows NT 5.1; Trident/4.0)',
  23.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="23"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">        }
  24.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="24"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"> 
  25.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="25"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">    def PostPic(self, im, codetype):
  26.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="26"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">        """
  27.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="27"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">        im: 图片字节
  28.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="28"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">        codetype: 题目类型 参考 http://www.chaojiying.com/price.html
  29.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="29"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">        """
  30.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="30"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">        params = {
  31.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="31"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">            'codetype': codetype,
  32.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="32"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">        }
  33.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="33"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">        params.update(self.base_params)
  34.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="34"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">        files = {'userfile': ('ccc.jpg', im)}
  35.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="35"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">        r = requests.post('http://upload.chaojiying.net/Upload/Processing.php', data=params, files=files, headers=self.headers)
  36.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="36"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">        return r.json()
  37.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="37"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"> 
  38.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="38"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">    def PostPic_base64(self, base64_str, codetype):
  39.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="39"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">        """
  40.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="40"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">        im: 图片字节
  41.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="41"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">        codetype: 题目类型 参考 http://www.chaojiying.com/price.html
  42.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="42"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">        """
  43.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="43"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">        params = {
  44.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="44"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">            'codetype': codetype,
  45.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="45"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">            'file_base64':base64_str
  46.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="46"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">        }
  47.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="47"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">        params.update(self.base_params)
  48.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="48"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">        r = requests.post('http://upload.chaojiying.net/Upload/Processing.php', data=params, headers=self.headers)
  49.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="49"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">        return r.json()
  50.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="50"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"> 
  51.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="51"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">    def ReportError(self, im_id):
  52.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="52"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">        """
  53.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="53"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">        im_id:报错题目的图片ID
  54.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="54"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">        """
  55.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="55"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">        params = {
  56.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="56"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">            'id': im_id,
  57.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="57"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">        }
  58.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="58"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">        params.update(self.base_params)
  59.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="59"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">        r = requests.post('http://upload.chaojiying.net/Upload/ReportError.php', data=params, headers=self.headers)
  60.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="60"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">        return r.json()
  61.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="61"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"> 
  62.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="62"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"> 
  63.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="63"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">if __name__ == '__main__':
  64.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="64"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">    with open('password.json','r',encoding='utf-8') as f:
  65.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="65"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">        info = json.loads(f.read())
  66.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="66"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">    password = info['password']
  67.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="67"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">    username = info['username']
  68.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="68"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">    soft_id = info['soft_id']
  69.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="69"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">    print(username)
  70.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="70"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"> 
  71.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="71"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">    chaojiying = Chaojiying_Client(username, password, soft_id)	#用户中心>>软件ID 生成一个替换 96001
  72.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="72"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">    im = open('a.jpg', 'rb').read()
  73.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="73"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">    code = chaojiying.PostPic(im,1902)
  74.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="74"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">    print(code)
  75.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="75"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">    #本地图片文件路径 来替换 a.jpg 有时WIN系统须要//
  76.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="76"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">    # print chaojiying.PostPic(im, 1902)
  77.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="77"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">    # #1902 验证码类型  官方网站>>价格体系 3.4+版 print 后要加()
  78.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="78"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">    #print chaojiying.PostPic(base64_str, 1902)  #此处为传入 base64代码
 class="hide-preCode-box"> class="hljs-button signin active add_def" data-title="登录复制" data-report-click="{"spm":"1001.2101.3001.4334"}" onclick="hljs.signin(event)">

        只需要password.jsonw文件中替换自己的用户名、密码和ID即可。 

        selenium模拟验证码登入超级鹰专业验证码识别平台案例：

  1.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="1"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">"""
  2.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="2"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">@Author :江上挽风&sty
  3.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="3"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">@Blog(个人博客地址):https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_56097064
  4.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="4"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">@File :验证码
  5.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="5"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">@Time :2024/12/6 16:13
  6.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="6"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">@Motto:一直努力，一直奋进，保持平常心
  7.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="7"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">
  8.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="8"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">"""
  9.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="9"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">import json
  10.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="10"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">import time
  11.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="11"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"> 
  12.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="12"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">from selenium import webdriver
  13.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="13"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">from selenium.webdriver.edge.service import Service
  14.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="14"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
  15.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="15"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"> 
  16.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="16"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">from chaojiying_Python import chaojiying
  17.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="17"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">from chaojiying_Python.chaojiying import Chaojiying_Client
  18.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="18"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"> 
  19.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="19"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"> 
  20.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="20"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">service = Service(executable_path='D:\ApplicationsSoftware\EdgeDriver\edgedriver_win32\msedgedriver.exe')
  21.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="21"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">def login(url,password,username,soft_id):
  22.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="22"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">    browser = webdriver.Edge(service=service)
  23.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="23"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">    browser.get(url)
  24.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="24"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">    # 输入用户名
  25.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="25"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">    browser.find_element(by=By.XPATH, value='/html/body/div[3]/div/div[3]/div[1]/form/p[1]/input').send_keys(username)
  26.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="26"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">    # 输入密码
  27.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="27"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">    time.sleep(2)
  28.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="28"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">    browser.find_element(by=By.XPATH, value='/html/body/div[3]/div/div[3]/div[1]/form/p[2]/input').send_keys(password)
  29.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="29"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">    # 获取验证码
  30.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="30"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">    img = browser.find_element(by=By.XPATH, value='/html/body/div[3]/div/div[3]/div[1]/form/div/img').screenshot_as_png
  31.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="31"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">    time.sleep(2)
  32.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="32"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">    Chaojiying_Client(username,password,soft_id)
  33.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="33"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">    code = chaojiying.chaojiying.PostPic(img,1902)['pic_str']
  34.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="34"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">    # 输入验证码
  35.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="35"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">    browser.find_element(by=By.XPATH, value='/html/body/div[3]/div/div[3]/div[1]/form/p[3]/input').send_keys(code)
  36.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="36"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">    time.sleep(2)
  37.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="37"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">    # 点击登入
  38.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="38"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">    browser.find_element(by=By.XPATH, value='/html/body/div[3]/div/div[3]/div[1]/form/p[4]/input').click()
  39.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="39"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"> 
  40.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="40"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line"> 
  41.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="41"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">if __name__ == '__main__':
  42.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="42"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">    url = "https://www.chaojiying.com/user/login/"
  43.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="43"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">    with open('chaojiying_Python/password.json','r',encoding='utf-8') as f:
  44.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="44"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">        info = json.loads(f.read())
  45.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="45"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">    password = info['password']
  46.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="46"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">    username = info['username']
  47.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="47"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">    soft_id = info['soft_id']
  48.  class="hljs-ln-numbers"> class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="48"> class="hljs-ln-code"> class="hljs-ln-line">    login(url, password, username, soft_id)
 class="hide-preCode-box"> class="hljs-button signin active add_def" data-title="登录复制" data-report-click="{"spm":"1001.2101.3001.4334"}" onclick="hljs.signin(event)">

五、结语

        本博客为自学python爬虫的过程贴，内容上可能存在些许错误，希望大家批评指正，后续我将努力完善修改，散花！

data-report-view="{"mod":"1585297308_001","spm":"1001.2101.3001.6548","dest":"https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_56097064/article/details/144262022","extend1":"pc","ab":"new"}">>
注：本文转载自blog.csdn.net的上杉翔二的文章"https://blog.csdn.net/qq_39388410/article/details/79128392"。版权归原作者所有，此博客不拥有其著作权，亦不承担相应法律责任。如有侵权，请联系我们删除。
复制链接
复制链接
相关推荐
发表评论

评论记录：

未查询到任何数据！